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The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| The Nature of Overluminous F Stars Observed in a Radial-Velocity Survey
We have conducted a radial-velocity survey of bright (V<9),overluminous, F stars within 80 pc. The criterion of overluminosity isΔMc0=Mc0-MV>=0.5,where MV is the absolute magnitude based on the Hipparcosparallax and Mc0 is the absolute magnitude fromuvby photometry. For F stars, overluminosity at a level ofΔMc0>0.15 has been argued to beindicative of the presence of a bright companion, so many of theoverluminous ``single'' F stars are expected to be, in fact, binarieswith comparably bright components. Therefore, the main goals of thesurvey have been to gain insight into the nature of overluminous F starsand to test specifically the hypothesis of the duplicity of overluminousF stars by searching for previously unrecognized binary stars amongthem. Other goals of this project included the determination, whereverpossible, of the orbits of the binaries discovered as a result of thesurvey and comparing the properties of the binaries with those of thevisually single stars with constant radial velocity. The program listcomprised 111 stars that appear in the Hipparcos catalog as single, plusseven members of multiple systems whose components have individualentries in the catalog.Of the total of 118 stars selected, the radial velocities of 77 havebeen measured with the Cambridge CORAVEL in the present survey. Amongthe remainder, six have not allowed us to determine their radialvelocities because of the weakness or lack of a ``dip'' in theirradial-velocity traces, and one was optically inaccessible to thetelescope. All the rest proved to be sufficiently well known alreadyeither as binary or as constant-radial-velocity (CRV) stars. The surveydiscovered 25 new binary systems, not counting two that were notgenerally known as such but were already under observation by R. F. G.and two that were discovered by Hipparcos to show eclipses but had neverbeen recognized as SBs. With the previously known binaries, there is atotal of 61 definite plus three probable binaries out of a total of 111stars upon which we can adjudicate-a binary fraction of ~58%, justdouble the ~29% found in a sample of randomly selected F stars byNordström et al. (1997). Of the binaries, 52 are SB2 and 12 areSB1. Orbits (some of them still rather preliminary) have been determinedfor the first time for 28 binaries, 21 of which are SB2.Comparison of the CRV stars (a total of 47) with the SB2 binaries hasshown that the two groups have different kinematics. The differenceimplies that on average the CRV stars are 3 to 4 Gyr older than theSB2s, although several of the CRVs appear to be very young. At the sametime the SB2 stars turn out to have about the same kinematics, hence thesame average age, as both binary and normal single F stars from acontrol sample drawn from the Hipparcos catalog. The much older age ofthe bulk of the overluminous CRV F stars may be indicative of anomalousstellar evolution that results in anomalously long main-sequencelifetimes for those stars. The SB1 stars appear to be closer to the CRVsthan to the SB2s and are probably also very old. The properties of the``no-dip'' stars suggest very young age; some of the stars are probablypre-main-sequence (PMS). A few PMS candidates have been identified alsoamong the CRV stars. Thus, overluminous F stars comprising our sampleappear to consist of three distinct groups: mostly young SB2 binarieswith comparably bright components, mostly very old CRV and SB1 stars,and very young no-dip stars.
| HIPPARCOS age-metallicity relation of the solar neighbourhood disc stars
We derive age-metallicity relations (AMRs) and orbital parameters forthe 1658 solar neighbourhood stars to which accurate distances aremeasured by the HIPPARCOS satellite. The sample stars comprise 1382 thindisc stars, 229 thick disc stars, and 47 halo stars according to theirorbital parameters. We find a considerable scatter for thin disc AMRalong the one-zone Galactic chemical evolution (GCE) model. Orbits andmetallicities of thin disc stars show now clear relation each other. Thescatter along the AMR exists even if the stars with the same orbits areselected. We examine simple extension of one-zone GCE models whichaccount for inhomogeneity in the effective yield and inhomogeneous starformation rate in the Galaxy. Both extensions of the one-zone GCE modelcannot account for the scatter in age - [Fe/H] - [Ca/Fe] relationsimultaneously. We conclude, therefore, that the scatter along the thindisc AMR is an essential feature in the formation and evolution of theGalaxy. The AMR for thick disc stars shows that the star formationterminated 8 Gyr ago in the thick disc. As already reported by Grattonet al. (\cite{Gratton_et.al.2000}) and Prochaska et al.(\cite{Prochaska_et.al.2000}), thick disc stars are more Ca-rich thanthin disc stars with the same [Fe/H]. We find that thick disc stars showa vertical abundance gradient. These three facts, the AMR, verticalgradient, and [Ca/Fe]-[Fe/H] relation, support monolithic collapseand/or accretion of satellite dwarf galaxies as likely thick discformation scenarios. Tables 2 and 3 are only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5)or via http:/ /cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ cgi-bin/qcat?J/ A+A/394/927
| The ROSAT all-sky survey catalogue of optically bright main-sequence stars and subgiant stars
We present X-ray data for all main-sequence and subgiant stars ofspectral types A, F, G, and K and luminosity classes IV and V listed inthe Bright Star Catalogue that have been detected as X-ray sources inthe ROSAT all-sky survey; several stars without luminosity class arealso included. The catalogue contains 980 entries yielding an averagedetection rate of 32 percent. In addition to count rates, sourcedetection parameters, hardness ratios, and X-ray fluxes we also listX-ray luminosities derived from Hipparcos parallaxes. The catalogue isalso available in electronic form via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The X-ray evidence that the 51 Peg companion is a planet
51 Pegasi is a nearby G2--3 V star which is similar to the Sun. Mayor& Queloz (1995) [Natur, 378, 355] have recently found that 51 Peghas sinusoidal radial velocity variations with a period of 4.2 days andamplitude of 59 m/s. The radial velocity, if due to orbital motionaround the system center-of-mass, implies a minimum companion mass of0.47 Jupiter masses, which results from the assumption that theinclination angle of the system is 90 deg from the line of sight.However, because the inclination angle is not directly measured thereremains an uncertainty in the companion mass. In the limit of anear-zero inclination angle the companion could even be a late-typedwarf star. We argue that the low measured X-ray luminosity of the 51Peg system supports the conclusion that the companion is a planet,independent of any assumption about the inclination angle. If 51 Pegwere a binary stellar system with a 4-day orbital period its X-rayemission would be in marked contrast with ALL known binary stellarsystems with similar orbital periods. When compared to the distributionof binary star X-ray luminosities, a system with the 51 Peg X-rayluminosity have an occurrence probability of only 1.7 times 10^-6. Thelow X-ray luminosity also confirms that 51 Peg is a slow rotator basedupon the correlation between X-ray emission and rotational velocity. Wediscuss the lack of synchronization between the 51 Peg orbital androtational periods and calculate model-dependent upper limits on thecompanion mass which also indicate that it is a planet.
| Ca II H and K Filter Photometry on the UVBY System. II. The Catalog of Observations
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995AJ....109.2828T&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Improved Mean Positions and Proper Motions for the 995 FK4 Sup Stars not Included in the FK5 Extension
Not Available
| Spatially resolved spectroscopy of WR ring nebulae. II - M1-67
Detailed, high spatial resolution spectroscopy of the WR ring nebulaM1-67 surrounding the WN 8 star WR 124 is presented. Abundances for 4positions in M1-67 are derived and it is found that N is enhanced by afactor of 4 - 7.5, O is deficient by a factor of 5 - 7.5 and S has anormal H II region abundance. This remarkable abundance pattern leads tothe conclusion that M1-67 is composed, almost entirely, of stellarejecta produced by a relatively massive progenitor. The historicalcontroversy that M1-67 is a PN rather than a WR ring nebula isdiscussed. The interstellar extinction distribution of nearby fieldstars is considered and a lower limit to the distance to M1-67 of 2.5kpc is found.
| Third preliminary catalogue of stars observed with the photoelectric astrolabe of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory.
Not Available
| UBV Observation of Nova Vulpeculae 1987
Not Available
| Photometric variability in chromospherically active stars. I - The constant stars
Over 3800 differential UBV observations for 15 known or suspectedchromospherically active stars are presented. The precision of thephotometry is evaluated. None of the stars exhibited light variationsover the observational period 1983 through 1987.
| UBV Photoelectric Photometry Catalogue (1986). III Errors and Problems on DM and HD Stars
Not Available
| ICCD speckle observations of binary stars. I - A survey for duplicity among the bright stars
A survey of a sample of 672 stars from the Yale Bright Star Catalog(Hoffleit, 1982) has been carried out using speckle interferometry onthe 3.6-cm Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in order to establish thebinary star frequency within the sample. This effort was motivated bythe need for a more observationally determined basis for predicting thefrequency of failure of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) fine-guidancesensors to achieve guide-star lock due to duplicity. This survey of 426dwarfs and 246 evolved stars yielded measurements of 52 newly discoveredbinaries and 60 previously known binary systems. It is shown that thefrequency of close visual binaries in the separation range 0.04-0.25arcsec is 11 percent, or nearly 3.5 times that previously known.
| The frequency of triple and multiple stellar systems
A spectroscopic search for new multiple stellar systems out of a sampleof 25 known binaries has been carried out with a view of theidentification of a variation of the radial velocity amplitude, causedby a third distant companion through the nodal precession effect.Independent radial velocity curves and orbital elements have beenrederived for the whole sample. Comparison between the present and theold orbital elements reveals a highly significant K variation in sixsystems, probably due to a third distant star which was undetected byprevious observations. One quadruple system and a new system with V(0)variation have also been discovered. These results indicate that manyknown close binaries are in fact close triple or multiple systems.
| E. W. Fick Observatory stellar radial velocity measurements. I - 1976-1984
Stellar radial velocity observations made with the large vacuumhigh-dispersion photoelectric radial velocity spectrometer at FickObservatory are reported. This includes nearly 2000 late-type starsobserved during 585 nights. Gradual modifications to this instrumentover its first eight years of operation have reduced the observationalerror for high-quality dip observations to + or - 0.8 km/s.
| An Einstein Observatory X-ray survey of main-sequence stars with shallow convection zones
The results of an X-ray survey of bright late A and early F stars on themain B-V sequence between 0.1 and 0.5 are presented. All the stars wereobserved with the Einstein Observatory for a period of at least 500seconds. The survey results show significantly larger X-ray luminositiesfor the sample binaries than for the single stars. It is suggested thatthe difference is due to the presence of multiple X-ray sources inbinaries. It is shown that the X-ray luminosities for single starsincrease rapidly with increasing color, and that the relation Lx/Lbol isequal to about 10 to the -7th does not hold for A stars. No correlationwas found between X-ray luminosity and projected equatorial rotationvelocity. It is argued on the basis of the observations that X-rayemission in the sample stars originated from coronae. The availableobservational evidence supporting this view is discussed.
| Physical parameters and pulsational mode of short-period small-amplitude Cepheids
Nine galactic short-period (P less than 8 days) small-amplitude Cepheidshave been the subject of a study to determine their physical parametersand pulsational properties. UBVRI photometry and radial velocities wereobtained in the same observing seasons. The wings of H-alpha were usedto determine effective temperatures. Empirical radii, luminosities, andmasses were determined. The short-period stars lie inside and seem to beon the red side of the observational Cepheid instability strip. It wasfound that these stars are likely pulsating in the radial fundamentalmode except HR 8084 (DT Cyg) which is suspected to be a first overtonepulsator. As the small-amplitude Cepheids in the LMC are thought to befirst overtone pulsators, it is suggested that small-amplitudesinusoidal variations are not the consequence of pulsation in the firstovertone, but rather the response to a more general amplitude trendacross the instability strip in a particular galactic system.
| The period distribution of unevolved close binary systems
Period distributions have been examined for various spectral types ofabout 600 (eclipsing and spectroscopic) close binaries, which are likelyto be substantially unevolved. The comparison with the previouscorresponding analyses of extensive (but heterogeneous) binary samplesallows a clarification of the extent of the evolutionary andobservational selection effects. Remarkably, this analysis reveals agreat deficiency of short period binaries (with periods corresponding tocase A mass transfer) in the whole spectral range. For the late spectraltypes, this result may be connected with postformation angular momentumloss caused by stellar wind magnetic braking; at least for the late Band A spectral range, a ready interpretation of this finding is thatclose binaries of corresponding periods and spectral types are rarelyformed.
| The nature of magnetic activity in lower main sequence stars
The chromospheric-coronal emission of lower main sequence single andbinary stars is correlated with an activity parameter of a certain formwhich takes into account the rotation period and a function of the colorresembling the convective turnover time. The utilized stellarobservational data are first presented and the activity parameter isconstructed. Fluxes in the upper chromosphere, transition region, andcorona are correlated with the parameter and the slopes are determined.The physical meaning of the results is discussed in the framework ofmodels of static coronal loops heated by the twisting of magnetic fluxtubes on a two-component stellar surface.
| Chromospheric-coronal emission and rotation in cool MS stars Discordant correlations explained
Data from ground and space observations (IUE and Einstein Observatories)of Ca2, C4, UV and X-ray emission from late main sequence stars F7-M2are discussed. The relation between rotation and emission in thechromospheres, transition regions, and coronae is examined and comparedto relations derived from previous measurements. It is shown that theLk, L4 and Lx emission luminosities of main stars decrease exponentiallywhen the rotational period increases, regardless of the spectral type ofthe stars. Coefficients in the correlation are found to be in goodagreement with observed power-law relations between C4 and X-rayemission and chromospheric emission. The effect of rotation period ondynamo-generated magnetic field is briefly discussed.
| The rate of the angular-momentum loss due to magnetic breaking, as derived from binary statistics
Not Available
| On the coronae of rapidly rotating stars. IV - Coronal activity in F dwarfs and implications for the onset of the dynamo
X-ray observations of 14 early F dwarfs are reported and these stars areused, together with a complete sample from the literature, to examinehow the characteristics of coronal X-ray emission vary from dwarfs ofspectral type A through G. Evidence for a rotation-activity relation instars redder than B - V = 0.45 is found. Stellar duplicity and age,except insofar as they influence the rotation rate, do not appear to beimportant in determining the coronal X-ray flux level in F dwarfs. It issuggested that the appearance of a relation between rotation andactivity at B - V = 0.45 indicates the turn-on of a solar-like dynamo.The high X-ray surface fluxes and small variance thereof for dwarfs withB - V = 0.3-0.45 are also discussed.
| On the coronae of rapidly rotating stars. III - an improved coronal rotation-activity relation in late type dwarfs
While it has previously been claimed that X-ray luminosity, or surfaceflux, varies as a power of the rotational velocity in G dwarfs, it isdemonstrated that a single power law does not provide an acceptable fitto all the data. The data are describable by a power law, with a breakin slope near a 12-day period which occurs at the same rotational periodas the bifurcation in Vaughan and Preston's (1980) chromospheric studyof G dwarfs. It is speculated that the two breaks are both related anddue to a change in the stellar dynamo mode, which, at a rotation periodof 12 days, corresponds to an age of one billion years for single Gdwarfs.
| List of Estimated Angular Separations of Spectroscopic Binaries
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1981A&AS...44...47H&db_key=AST
| Three-dimensional motion of dwarf stars and RR Lyrae variables
A collection of 220 high-velocity dwarfs, 532 low-velocity dwarfs, and114 RR Lyrae variables is given in tables with calculations ofkinematical quantities in a three-dimensional model of galactic space. Ametal indicator, Delta-S, for RR Lyrae variables is transformed into theultraviolet excess, delta (0.6), which is utilized for a statisticalstudy of kinematics under the same metallicity classification. It isfound that the primordial Galaxy contracted by a factor of at least 20in the radial direction as compared to at least 50 in the Z direction.
| A comparison of the orbital inclinations of the spatially close spectroscopic double stars
The reported investigation takes into account 888 spectroscopicbinaries. It was possible to obtain 120 groups whose elements arespatially close according to the given definition. These 120 groupscontain 313 spectroscopic binaries. 136 of these binaries are 2-spectrumsystems, 177 are 1-spectrum systems, and 62 are eclipsing binaries. Thenumber of systems with known luminosity class is 54. The spectraldistribution of the 313 systems is discussed. The orbital inclinationsand other parameters are presented in a table.
| Seventh catalogue of the orbital elements of spectroscopic binary systems.
Not Available
| UVBY beta photometry and MK spectral classification.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1976A&AS...24...69O&db_key=AST
| Spectral Classification of A-Type Spectroscopic Binaries
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1969ApJ...158.1091A&db_key=AST
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